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Exam Code : CNRN
Exam Name : ABNN Certified Neuroscience Registered Nurse
Vendor Name :
"Nursing"

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Question: 1

Which of the following vascular anomalies is characterized by an abnormal connection between arteries and veins in the brain?

1. Aneurysm

2. Arteriovenous fistula

3. Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

4. Carotid stenosis

Answer: C

Explanation: An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is characterized by an abnormal connection between arteries and veins in the brain. In an AVM, the normal capillary network is absent, resulting in a direct shunting of blood from arteries to veins. This abnormal connection can lead to a variety of neurological symptoms depending on the location and size of the AVM.

Question: 2

Which of the following conditions is characterized by the sudden rupture of a blood vessel in the brain, leading to bleeding into the surrounding tissues?

1. Ischemic stroke

2. Subarachnoid hemorrhage

3. Intracerebral hemorrhage

4. Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
   
   Answer: B

Explanation: A subarachnoid hemorrhage is characterized by the sudden rupture of a blood vessel in the brain, leading to bleeding into the subarachnoid

space surrounding the brain. This type of hemorrhage is commonly caused by the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. Subarachnoid hemorrhage presents with symptoms such as a sudden and severe headache, neck stiffness, and altered level of consciousness.

Question: 3

Which of the following conditions is characterized by temporary neurological symptoms that resemble a stroke but resolve completely within 24 hours?

1. Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

2. Ischemic stroke

3. Hemorrhagic stroke

4. Lacunar stroke

Answer: A

Explanation: A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is characterized by temporary neurological symptoms that resemble a stroke but resolve completely within 24 hours. A TIA is often referred to as a "mini-stroke" and is caused by a temporary interruption of blood flow to a specific part of the brain. While the symptoms of a TIA are transient, it is considered a warning sign of an impending ischemic stroke and should be taken seriously.

Question: 4

Which of the following conditions is characterized by demyelination of the central nervous system?

1. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

2. Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)

3. Myasthenia Gravis

4. Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
   
   Answer: D

Explanation: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is characterized by demyelination of the central nervous system. MS is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the protective myelin sheath that covers nerve fibers in the central nervous system. This leads to disruption of nerve signals, resulting in a wide range of symptoms depending on the location and extent of the demyelination.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, but it is not characterized by demyelination.

Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, causing muscle weakness and fatigue. It does not involve demyelination of thecentral nervous system.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy that primarily affects the peripheral nervous system, not the central nervous system.

Question: 5

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of an intracerebral hemorrhage?

1. Sudden onset of severe headache

2. Thunderclap headache

3. Focal neurological deficits

4. Gradual onset of confusion and memory loss

Answer: C

Explanation: A characteristic feature of an intracerebral hemorrhage is the presence of focal neurological deficits. Intracerebral hemorrhage refers to bleeding within the brain tissue, which can cause localized damage to specific regions of the brain. The bleeding results in the compression and injury of surrounding brain structures, leading to focal neurological deficits such as weakness, sensory loss, or speech difficulties.

Question: 6

Which of the following terms is used to describe the transformation of an ischemic stroke into a hemorrhagic stroke?

1. Ischemic conversion

2. Atherosclerotic plaque rupture

3. Thromboembolic event

4. Hemorrhagic transformation
   
   Answer: D

Explanation: The term used to describe the transformation of an ischemic stroke into a hemorrhagic stroke is hemorrhagic transformation. Hemorrhagic transformation occurs when the area of ischemic brain tissue becomes damaged and starts bleeding. This transformation can be caused by various factors, including reperfusion injury, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, or breakdown of ischemic tissue.

Question: 7

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Bell's Palsy?

1. Gradual onset of symptoms over weeks to months

2. Absence of taste sensation on the affected side of the tongue

3. Bilateral facial weakness and paralysis

4. Involuntary muscle contractions and spasms
   
   Answer: B

Explanation: A characteristic feature of Bell's Palsy is the absence of taste sensation on the affected side of the tongue. Bell's Palsy is a condition characterized by sudden, unilateral facial paralysis or weakness, typically affecting the muscles on one side of the face. It is caused by inflammation or compression of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). In addition to facial weakness, individuals with Bell's Palsy may experience loss of taste sensation on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue on the affected side.

Gradual onset of symptoms over weeks to months is not typical for Bell's Palsy, as it is usually a sudden onset condition.

Involuntary muscle contractions and spasms are not characteristic of Bell's Palsy. Instead, it is characterized by weakness or paralysis of facial muscles. Bell's Palsy typically affects only one side of the face (unilateral involvement), and bilateral facial weakness and paralysis are not characteristic of this condition.

Question: 8

Which of the following conditions is characterized by a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects the motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord?

1. Guillain-Barré syndrome

2. Bell's palsy

3. Demyelinating polyneuropathy

4. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
   
   Answer: D

Explanation: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is characterized by a chronic progressive neurodegenerative process that primarily affects the motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. This leads to muscle weakness, paralysis, and ultimately respiratory failure.

Question: 9

Which of the following conditions is characterized by the formation of blood clots within the cerebral venous sinuses?

1. Embolic stroke

2. Ischemic stroke

3. Thrombotic stroke

4. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
   
   Answer: D

Explanation: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is characterized by the formation of blood clots within the cerebral venous sinuses, which are responsible for draining deoxygenated blood from the brain. The formation of blood clots within these sinuses can impede proper blood drainage, leading to a variety of neurological symptoms.

Question: 10

Which of the following conditions is characterized by bleeding into the ventricles of the brain?

1. Ischemic stroke

2. Intraventricular hemorrhage

3. Subarachnoid hemorrhage

4. Intracerebral hemorrhage

Answer: B

Explanation: Intraventricular hemorrhage is characterized by bleeding into the ventricles of the brain. It often occurs in conjunction with other types of brain hemorrhages, such as intracerebral hemorrhage or subarachnoid hemorrhage. The bleeding into the ventricles can disrupt the normal flow and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potential neurological complications.

Question: 11

Which of the following conditions is characterized by the inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord?

1. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

2. Myasthenia Gravis

3. Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

4. Meningitis
   
   Answer: D

Explanation: Meningitis is characterized by the inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis can be caused by various infectious agents, such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It can lead to symptoms such as severe headache, fever, neck stiffness, and altered mental status.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, but it does not involve inflammation of the meninges.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by demyelination of the central nervous system, but it does not specifically involve inflammation of the meninges.

Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, causing muscle weakness and fatigue. It does not involve inflammation of the meninges.

Question: 12

Which of the following is a common symptom of Moya Moya disease?

1. Memory loss and cognitive impairment

2. Muscle weakness and paralysis

3. Visual disturbances

4. Seizures
   
   Answer: D

Explanation: A common symptom of Moya Moya disease is seizures. Moya Moya disease is a rare, progressive cerebrovascular disorder characterized by the narrowing and occlusion of the internal carotid arteries, leading to the formation of fragile blood vessels called "moya moya" vessels as a compensatory mechanism. Seizures can occur as a result of the altered blood flow and decreased oxygen supply to the brain.

While muscle weakness and paralysis can occur in Moya Moya disease, seizures are a more common and distinctive symptom.

Visual disturbances, such as blurred vision or visual field defects, can occur due to compromised blood flow in Moya Moya disease.

Memory loss and cognitive impairment may be present in some cases of Moya Moya disease, but they are not as common or specific as seizures.

Question: 13

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of an arteriovenous malformation (AVM)?

1. Slowly progressive symptoms over months to years

2. Frequent occurrence in the elderly population

3. Focal neurological deficits corresponding to a specific vascular territory

4. Presence of microhemorrhages on neuroimaging

Answer: C

Explanation: A characteristic feature of an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is the presence of focal neurological deficits corresponding to a specific vascular territory. AVM is an abnormal tangle of blood vessels in the brain or spinal cord, which disrupts the normal blood flow. As a result, blood can bypass normal brain tissue and flow directly from arteries to veins, causing focal neurological deficits that correspond to the affected area of the brain. Slowly progressive symptoms over months to years are more suggestive of degenerative conditions rather than AVM.

AVMs can occur in individuals of any age and are not limited to the elderly population, so frequent occurrence in the elderly population is not a characteristic feature of AVM.

The presence of microhemorrhages on neuroimaging is more commonly associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy and not specific to AVM.

Question: 14

Which of the following is the primary cause of an intracerebral hemorrhage?

1. Hypertension

2. Ischemic stroke

3. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

4. Rupture of an aneurysm

Answer: A

Explanation: The primary cause of an intracerebral hemorrhage is hypertension. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, can cause weakening and rupture of small blood vessels within the brain, leading to bleeding and the formation of a hematoma within the brain tissue.

Rupture of an aneurysm is a common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage, not intracerebral hemorrhage.

Ischemic stroke refers to a blockage of blood flow in a cerebral artery, leading to tissue damage due to lack of oxygen and nutrients. It is not the primary cause of intracerebral hemorrhage.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is a condition characterized by the formation of blood clots in the cerebral veins and sinuses. While it can lead to hemorrhagic complications, it is not the primary cause of intracerebral hemorrhage.

Question: 15

A patient presents with sudden onset weakness and numbness in the right arm and leg, along with difficulty speaking. The symptoms resolve completely within a few minutes. Which of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis?

1. Ischemic stroke

2. Hemorrhagic stroke

3. Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

4. Migraine with aura

Answer: C

Explanation: The most likely diagnosis for a patient presenting with sudden onset weakness and numbness in the right arm and leg, along with difficulty

speaking that resolves completely within a few minutes, is a transient ischemic attack (TIA). A TIA is a temporary interruption of blood flow to a specific part of the brain, resulting in transient neurological symptoms. TIAs are often considered warning signs of an impending ischemic stroke and should be taken seriously.

Question: 16

Which of the following conditions is characterized by the abnormal proliferation of neuroepithelial tissue?

1. Alzheimer's disease

2. Astrocytoma

3. Myasthenia Gravis

4. Bell's Palsy

Answer: B

Explanation: Astrocytoma is a condition characterized by the abnormal proliferation of neuroepithelial tissue. Astrocytomas are tumors that arise from astrocytes, a type of glial cell in the central nervous system. These tumors can occur in various locations in the brain and spinal cord and are classified based on their grade (I-IV) and histological characteristics.

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, but it does not involve the abnormal proliferation of neuroepithelial tissue.

Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, causing muscle weakness and fatigue. It is not characterized by the abnormal proliferation of neuroepithelial tissue.

Bell's Palsy is a condition characterized by sudden, unilateral facial paralysis or weakness, typically due to inflammation or compression of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). It does not involve the abnormal proliferation of

neuroepithelial tissue.

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