PCE-CBC : PCE Certified BreastFeeding Counselor Exam

Question: 1
What is a common cause of low milk supply in breastfeeding?
A. Abscess formation
B. Candidiasis infection
C. Mastitis
D. Poor latch or ineffective breastfeeding technique
Answer: D
Explanation: A common cause of low milk supply in breastfeeding is poor latch or ineffective breastfeeding technique. When a baby is not latched properly or not able to effectively remove milk from the breast, it can lead to inadequate stimulation of milk production, resulting in low milk supply. It is important to address latch issues and seek support from a lactation professional to improve milk supply.
Question: 2
Which of the following initiatives aims to promote, protect, and support breastfeeding practices in healthcare facilities?
A. AWHONN (Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses)
B. Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative
C. Ten steps to successful breastfeeding as outlined by WHOand UNICEF
D. Marketing code
Answer: B
Explanation: The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) is an international program launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The initiative aims to promote, protect, and support breastfeeding practices in healthcare facilities. Hospitals and birthing centers that meet the criteria and implement the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding, as outlined by WHO and UNICEF, can receive Baby-Friendly designation, indicating their commitment to breastfeeding support and education.
Question: 3
Which of the following is a common infant pathology involving a tongue-tie?
A. Ankyloglossia
B. Cleft lip/palate
C. Hyberbilirubinemia
D. Neurologic disabilities
Answer: A
Explanation: Ankyloglossia, commonly known as tongue-tie, is a condition where the lingual frenulum (the tissue that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth) is tight or restricted. This can affect the infant's ability to breastfeed effectively and may require intervention, such as a frenotomy, to improve feeding.
Question: 4
Which of the following is a common pharmacological intervention used to increase milk supply in breastfeeding?
A. Alcohol
B. Tobacco
C. Contraceptive pills
D. Galactogogues Answer: D
Explanation: Galactogogues are pharmacological interventions used to increase milk supply in breastfeeding. They are substances or medications that promote lactation and milk production. Examples of galactogogues include certain herbs, prescription medications such as domperidone, and off-label use of medications like metoclopramide. It is important to consult with healthcare professionals before using galactogogues to ensure their safety and appropriate usage.
Question: 5
Which of the following is true about the let-down reflex?
A. It occurs several times during a feeding.
B. It connects a lobule to the lactiferous ducts.
C. It is associated with IgA, which protects the gastrointestinal tract.
D. It is the initiation of milk production.
Answer: A
Explanation: The let-down reflex, also known as the milk ejection reflex, is the process by which milk is released from the breast. It typically occurs several times during a feeding, allowing the baby to receive milk in bursts. This reflex is triggered by the stimulation of the nerve endings in the nipple and areola and involves the contraction of the milk ducts and the release of milk into the milk sinuses, making it available for the baby to suckle.
Question: 6
Which of the following initiatives promotes and supports breastfeeding-friendly
practices in healthcare settings?
A. Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative
B. Maternal support network
C. Cultural competency program
D. Marketing code
Answer: A
Explanation: The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) is an international program launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Its goal is to promote and support breastfeeding-friendly practices in healthcare settings. Hospitals and birthing centers that meet the BFHI criteria are designated as "Baby-Friendly" and provide optimal care and support for breastfeeding mothers and infants.
Question: 7
Which of the following is an example of a lactation aid used to support breastfeeding?
A. Breast pumps
B. Milk storage bags
C. Nipple shields
D. Supplementers
Answer: D
Explanation: Supplementers are a type of lactation aid used to support breastfeeding when supplementation is necessary. They allow the baby to receive additional milk while at the breast, helping to maintain breastfeeding and stimulate milk production. Supplementers are particularly useful in situations where low milk supply or other breastfeeding challenges are present.
Question: 8
What is a potential cause of low milk supply in breastfeeding mothers?
A. Ankyloglossia
B. Cleft lip/palate
C. Hyberbilirubinemia
D. Insufficient glandular tissue
Answer: D
Explanation: Insufficient glandular tissue is a potential cause of low milk supply in breastfeeding mothers. It refers to a condition where the mammary glands do not develop fully, leading to a reduced capacity for milk production. It is important for breastfeeding counselors to recognize this condition and provide appropriate support and guidance to affected mothers.
Question: 9
Which of the following professional practice guidelines focuses on the standards of nursing practice related to breastfeeding and lactation support?
A. AWHONN (Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses)
B. Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative
C. Ten steps to successful breastfeeding as outlined by WHO and UNICEF
D. Marketing code
Answer: A
Explanation: AWHONN (Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses) is a professional organization that provides guidelines and standards of nursing practice related to breastfeeding and lactation support. AWHONN offers evidence-based recommendations for nurses and healthcare providers involved in maternal and newborn care, including breastfeeding education, support, and advocacy.
Question: 10
Which of the following infant pathologies is characterized by a tongue-tie, where the tongue is restricted in its movement due to a short or tight frenulum?
A. Ankyloglossia
B. Cleft lip/palate
C. Hyperbilirubinemia
D. Neurologic disabilities
Answer: A
Explanation: Ankyloglossia, also known as tongue-tie, is a condition characterized by a tongue with restricted movement due to a short or tight frenulum. The frenulum is the band of tissue that connects the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. Ankyloglossia can affect breastfeeding by making it difficult for the baby to latch and effectively remove milk from the breast. It may require evaluation and intervention by a healthcare professional, such as a pediatrician or a lactation consultant.
Question: 11
Which of the following lactation aids is commonly used to help maintain milk supply and feed expressed breast milk to the baby?
A. Breast pumps
B. Milk storage bags
C. Nipple devices
D. Feeding devices (e.g., cup, spoon, finger feeding, supplementer)
Answer: A
Explanation: Breast pumps are commonly used lactation aids that help maintain milk supply and allow for the expression of breast milk. They can be manual or electric and are used to stimulate milk production, collect expressed milk, and provide milk for the baby when direct breastfeeding is not possible. Breast pumps can be an essential tool for working mothers or those who need to temporarily or exclusively feed their babies expressed breast milk.
Question: 12
What is the primary purpose of milk banks?
A. To provide breast pumps for lactating mothers
B. To distribute lactation aids to breastfeeding mothers
C. To support research on milk production and lactation
D. To collect, screen, and distribute donated breast milk to infants in need
Answer: D
Explanation: The primary purpose of milk banks is to collect, screen,and distribute donated breast milk to infants in need. Milk banks ensure that donated breast milk is safe and appropriate for infants who are unable to receive sufficient breast milk from their own mothers. This helps to support the health and well-being of vulnerable infants, such as premature babies or those with medical conditions.
Question: 13
Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation and infection of the breast tissue?
A. Abscess
B. Candidiasis
C. Mastitis
D. Low milk supply
Answer: C
Explanation: Mastitis is a condition characterized by inflammation and infection of the breast tissue. It commonly occurs in breastfeeding women and is typically caused by bacteria entering the breast through a cracked or damaged nipple. Symptoms may include breast pain, redness, warmth, swelling, and flu-like symptoms. Prompt treatment with antibiotics and continued breastfeeding or pumping is important to resolve the infection and maintain milk supply.
Question: 14
According to the American Association of Women's Health, Obstetric, and Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN), what are the standards of nursing practice for lactation support?
A. Ten steps to successful breastfeeding
B. Professional practice guideline
C. Guidelines for use of medication
D. Standards of cultural competency
Answer: B
Explanation: The Professional practice guideline from the American Association of Women's Health, Obstetric, and Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN) outlines the standards of nursing practice for lactation support. This guideline provides evidence-based recommendations and best practices for lactation consultants and other healthcare professionals involved in supporting breastfeeding mothers and infants.
Question: 15
What is the primary cause of nipple pain and trauma during breastfeeding?
A. Poor latch
B. Engorgement
C. Nipple vasospasm
D. Yeast infection
Answer: A
Explanation: Nipple pain and trauma during breastfeeding are commonly caused by a poor latch, where the baby does not attach to the breast properly. This can lead to friction, soreness, and damage to the nipple. It is important to ensure a proper latch to prevent and address nipple pain and trauma.
Question: 16
Which of the following factors should breastfeeding counselors consider when providing culturally competent lactation support?
A. Breast pump types and models
B. Marketing strategies for lactation aids
C. Cultural beliefs and practices related to breastfeeding
D. Guidelines for the use of medication during lactation
Answer: C
Explanation: When providing culturally competent lactation support, breastfeeding counselors should consider cultural beliefs and practices related to breastfeeding. Different cultures may have unique perspectives, traditions, and preferences regarding breastfeeding. Understanding and respecting these cultural factors is essential for effectively supporting breastfeeding mothers and promoting successful breastfeeding outcomes.
Question: 17
Which of the following is a common breast condition characterized by a painful lump, redness, and warmth?
A. Abscess
B. Candidiasis
C. Mastitis
D. Low milk supply
Answer: C
Explanation: Mastitis is a common breast condition that occurs when the breast tissue becomes infected and inflamed. It is typically characterized by a painful lump, redness, warmth, and sometimes fever. Prompt treatment with antibiotics and continued breastfeeding are important for resolving mastitis.
Question: 18
Which of the following substances should breastfeeding mothers avoid due to its potential negative effects on milk production?
A. Galactogogues
B. Herbs
C. Medication (prescription, OTC)
D. Alcohol and tobacco Answer: D
Explanation: Breastfeeding mothers should avoid consuming alcohol and tobacco as these substances can have negative effects on milk production and may harm the infant. Alcohol can pass into breast milk and affect the baby's development and sleep patterns, while tobacco smoke exposure can increase the risk of respiratory problems and decrease milk supply.

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