CTFL-V4-Foundation : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 Exam

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ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level 9 Question: 1216
A software development team is using a Risk-Based Testing (RBT) approach.
Which of the following is the MOST important factor to consider when prioritizing risks?
A. Probability of the risk occurring
B. Impact of the risk on the system
C. Ease of testing for the risk
D. Cost of mitigating the risk
Answer: B
Explanation: The most important factor to consider when prioritizing risks in a
Risk-Based Testing (RBT) approach is the impact of the risk on the system.
The impact of a risk, including its potential consequences and severity, is the
primary driver for determining which risks should be addressed first. While
factors like probability of occurrence, ease of testing, and cost of mitigation are
also important, the impact of the risk is the most crucial consideration in the
risk prioritization process, as it directly determines the importance and urgency
of addressing the risk. Question: 1217
One of the 'principles of testing' states that exhaustive testing is impossible.
Which of the following is the BEST way to address this principle in practice?
A. Creating test cases that cover every possible specified output
B. Documenting all possible test input variations and prioritizing these based on importance
C. Starting testing as early as possible with reviews and other static testing approaches
D. Using equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis to generate test cases Answer: D
Explanation: The principle that exhaustive testing is impossible recognizes that
it is not feasible to test every possible input and output combination for a
software system. The best way to address this in practice is to use techniques
such as equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis to generate test
cases. These techniques help identify representative sets of test cases that cover
the most important and high-risk scenarios, without attempting to test every
possible variation. This is a more practical and effective approach than trying to
create test cases that cover every possible specified output or document all
possible test input variations.
Question: 1218
You are testing a mobile application that allows users to book appointments
with healthcare providers. During your testing, you discover that the application
does not properly handle the case where a user tries to book an appointment for
a time slot that is already booked by another user. Which testing technique
would be the most appropriate to identify and document this defect?
A. State transition testing
B. Combinatorial testing
C. Boundary value analysis
D. Use case testing
Answer: A
Explanation: State transition testing focuses on verifying the expected behavior
of a system as it transitions from one state to another. In the case of the
appointment booking feature, the system's behavior when transitioning from the
"available" state to the "booked" state for a specific time slot would be a crucial
aspect to test.
Question: 1219
You are testing a web application that allows users to enter their height in
centimeters. The valid range for height is 100 cm to 250 cm. Which of the
following test cases would be MOST appropriate to use boundary value
analysis (BVA) on?
A. 99 cm, 100 cm, 175 cm, 250 cm, 251 cm
B. 90 cm, 100 cm, 175 cm, 250 cm, 260 cm
C. 99.9 cm, 100 cm, 175 cm, 249.9 cm, 250 cm
D. 99 cm, 100 cm, 175 cm, 250 cm, 260 cm
Answer: A
Explanation: In boundary value analysis, the focus is on testing the values just
inside and just outside the valid boundaries. For a height input with a valid
range of 100 cm to 250 cm, the most important test cases would be:
99 cm (just below the lower bound)
100 cm (the lower bound)
175 cm (a value within the valid range)
250 cm (the upper bound)
251 cm (just above the upper bound)
Therefore, option A contains the most appropriate test cases for boundary value
analysis on this height input field.
Question: 1220
In component integration testing, which of the following strategies is
considered the most effective for discovering defects?
A. Top-down integration
B. Bottom-up integration
C. Sandwich integration
D. Bi-directional integration
Answer: C
Explanation: Sandwich integration, which combines top-down and bottom-up
integration strategies, is considered the most effective for discovering defects
during component integration testing. This approach allows for the testing of
both the bottom-level components and the top-level components, providing a
more comprehensive integration testing approach.
Question: 1221
Which of the following is a key difference between quality assurance (QA) and
quality control (QC) in the context of software requirements management?
A. QA is responsible for defining the requirements, while QC is responsible for
verifying them
B. QA is focused on the completeness of the requirements, while QC is
focused on their testability
C. QA is concerned with the alignment of the requirements with the business
objectives, while QC is concerned with their technical feasibility
D. QA is performed by the product owner, while QC is performed by the
development team
Answer: B
Explanation: The key difference between QA and QC in the context of software
requirements management is that QA is focused on the completeness and
clarity of the requirements, while QC is focused on their testability. QA ensures
that the requirements are well-defined and comprehensive, while QC verifies
that the requirements can be effectively tested and validated.
Question: 1222
Which of the following is a key benefit of incorporating security testing
activities throughout the SDLC?
A. Reduces the need for specialized security experts
B. Ensures that security vulnerabilities are identified and addressed early
C. Allows for more comprehensive testing coverage
D. Increases the overall cost of the project
Answer: B
Explanation: Incorporating security testing activities throughout the SDLC,
rather than treating it as a separate activity at the end, allows for the
identification and resolution of security vulnerabilities at an earlier stage, which
is more cost-effective and impactful.
Question: 1223
One of the 'principles of testing' states that testing should be performed by
independent testers. Which of the following is the MAIN reason behind this
principle?
A. To reduce the workload of the development team
B. To provide a fresh perspective on the software under test
C. To ensure that the testing process is unbiased and objective
D. To allow the development team to focus on their primary responsibilities
Answer: C
Explanation: The principle of independent testing is mainly based on the need
to ensure the testing process is unbiased and objective. Having an independent
tester, who is not directly involved in the development process, reduces the risk
of personal biases, preconceptions, and conflicts of interest that could influence
the testing activities. This helps to provide a more impartial and reliable
assessment of the software under test.
Question: 1224
Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of the Waterfall model of
software development?
A. Sequential and linear approach
B. Extensive documentation and rigid processes
C. Opportunities for early and continuous testing
D. Difficulty in accommodating changes
Answer: C
Explanation: The key characteristics of the Waterfall model include a
sequential and linear approach, extensive documentation and rigid processes,
and difficulty in accommodating changes.
Question: 1225
Your team is implementing a new feature in the software, and you want to
ensure that the branch coverage is high. Which of the following practices
would be LEAST effective in achieving this goal?
A. Conducting regular code reviews to identify complex or high-risk branches.
B. Designing test cases that cover a wide range of input values and edge cases.
C. Relying solely on automated testing tools to measure and report branch
coverage.
D. Collaborating with developers to understand the underlying logic and control
flow of the feature.
Answer: C
Explanation: Relying solely on automated testing tools to measure and report
branch coverage is the least effective practice. While such tools can provide
valuable insights, they may not capture the full context and understanding of
the code's complexity. Effective branch coverage improvement requires a
combination of techniques, including code reviews, targeted test case design,
and collaboration with the development team.
Question: 1226
Which of the following is a key characteristic of the "test reporting" process in
the ISTQB testing standard?
A. It is responsible for ensuring the effective planning, monitoring, and control
of testing activities
B. It is responsible for designing and implementing the necessary test
infrastructure and tools
C. It is responsible for communicating the status, progress, and quality of the
testing activities
D. It is responsible for evaluating the testing process and identifying
improvements for future projects
Answer: C
Explanation: The key characteristic of the "test reporting" process in the ISTQB
testing standard is that it is responsible for communicating the status, progress,
and quality of the testing activities. It is not primarily focused on test planning
and control, test infrastructure and tools, or test closure, which are the
responsibilities of other testing processes.
Question: 1227
Which of the following is a key challenge in implementing test automation for
a legacy application?
A. Lack of a well-documented application architecture
B. Difficulty in integrating the automation tools with the existing infrastructure
C. Resistance from the development team to adopt new automation practices
D. All of the above
Answer: D
Explanation: Implementing test automation for a legacy application presents
several challenges, including a lack of documented architecture, difficulties in
integrating automation tools, and resistance from the development team. All of
these factors need to be addressed for successful test automation in a legacy
system.
Question: 1228
Which of the following SDLC activities is MOST closely associated with the
"Deployment" phase?
A. Regression testing
B. User acceptance testing
C. Performance testing
D. Security testing
Answer: B
Explanation: User acceptance testing is the SDLC activity that is most closely
associated with the "Deployment" phase, as it involves verifying that the
delivered system meets the end-user's requirements and expectations before the
final deployment.
Question: 1229
A developer suggests that the team should focus on achieving 100% statement
coverage rather than 100% branch coverage. Which of the following is the
STRONGEST counterargument to this proposal?
A. Statement coverage is a less rigorous metric than branch coverage.
B. Achieving 100% statement coverage does not guarantee 100% branch
coverage.
C. Branch coverage provides more information about the program's control
flow.
D. All of the above.
Answer: D
Explanation: All of the listed points are valid counterarguments to the proposal
of focusing on 100% statement coverage rather than 100% branch coverage.
Statement coverage is a less rigorous metric than branch coverage, as it does
not provide information about the program's control flow. Achieving 100%
statement coverage does not guarantee 100% branch coverage, and branch
coverage provides more valuable insights into the program's logic and decision
points.
Question: 1230
Which TWO of the following are typical acceptance testing techniques used to
validate the system's security and data protection measures?
A. Exploratory testing
B. Performance testing
C. Penetration testing
D. Regression testing
E. Usability testing
Answer: C, D
Explanation: Typical acceptance testing techniques used to validate the
system's security and data protection measures include penetration testing
(option C) and regression testing (option D). Options A, B, and E are not
specific to validating the system's security and data protection measures, but
rather focus on other aspects of the system, such as functionality, performance,
and usability.
Question: 1231
Which of the following is a key difference between quality assurance (QA) and
quality control (QC) in the context of the software development life cycle
(SDLC)?
A. QA is focused on the planning and design phases, while QC is focused on
the implementation and testing phases
B. QA is concerned with the overall project management, while QC is
concerned with the technical implementation
C. QA is responsible for defining the quality standards, while QC is
responsible for ensuring compliance with those standards
D. QA is performed by managers, while QC is performed by individual
contributors
Answer: C
Explanation: The key difference between QA and QC in the SDLC is that QA
is responsible for defining the quality standards and best practices, while QC is
responsible for ensuring that the software development process and the final
product comply with those standards. QA sets the goals and guidelines, while
QC verifies that the goals are being met.
Question: 1232
When designing a test environment for a distributed, cloud-based application,
which of the following is the LEAST important consideration?
i. Provisioning and managing virtual machine instances
ii. Configuring and maintaining network connectivity
iii. Integrating with cloud-based monitoring and logging services
iv. Implementing robust backup and disaster recovery strategies
v. Defining a comprehensive set of test environment personas and user profiles
A. i
B. ii
C. iii
D. iv
E. v
Answer: E
Explanation: Defining test environment personas and user profiles, while
important, is less directly critical to the technical aspects of setting up and
managing the distributed, cloud-based test environment compared to the other
considerations listed.
Question: 1233
A software system allows users to enter a discount percentage between 0% and
100%. What is the MINIMAL set of test inputs that achieves 100% of the
desired coverage using 3-point boundary value analysis (BVA)?
A. -1%, 0%, 100%, 101%
B. -1%, 0%, 1%, 99%, 100%, 101%
C. 0%, 50%, 100%
D. 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%
Answer: B
Explanation:
The minimal set of test inputs that achieves 100% coverage using 3-point
boundary value analysis (BVA) is -1%, 0%, 1%, 99%, 100%, 101%. This is
because we need to test the lower and upper boundaries of the valid range (0%
to 100%) as well as the boundaries of the invalid ranges (below 0% and above
100%).
Question: 1234
You have defined three test cases, T1, T2, and T3, that exercise the same
functionality of the software under test. Test case T1 achieves 45% statement
coverage, test case T2 achieves 55% statement coverage, and test case T3
achieves 65% statement coverage.
Which of the following statements is necessarily true?
A. The combined statement coverage of T1, T2, and T3 is at least 165%
B. There exists at least one statement that is covered by all three test cases
C. The code under test contains at least 35% unreachable statements
D. The test suite composed of T1, T2, and T3 achieves full branch coverage
Answer: B
Explanation: The correct answer is B. Since all three test cases exercise the
same functionality, there must be at least one statement that is covered by all
three test cases. The other statements are not necessarily true - the combined
coverage could be less than 165% if there is overlap between the test cases, the
code may not have 35% unreachable statements, and full branch coverage is
not guaranteed by the given information.
Question: 1235
A student grading system allows teachers to enter scores between 0 and 100,
inclusive. The system displays a grade based on the following criteria:
90-100: A
80-89: B
70-79: C
60-69: D
0-59: F
What is the MINIMAL set of test inputs that achieves 100% of the desired
boundary value coverage?
A. 59, 60, 69, 70, 79, 80, 89, 90, 100
B. 59, 60, 69, 70, 79, 80, 89, 90, 91, 99, 100
C. 0, 59, 60, 69, 70, 79, 80, 89, 90, 100
D. 0, 59, 60, 69, 70, 79, 80, 89, 90, 99, 100
Answer: B
Explanation: To achieve 100% boundary value coverage, the minimal set of test
inputs should include the values at the boundaries (0, 59, 60, 69, 70, 79, 80, 89,
90, 99, 100) and one value on each side of the boundaries (91).
Question: 1236
Which of the following is a key advantage of the top-down integration strategy
in component integration testing?
A. It allows for early validation of the overall system architecture.
B. It enables the identification of defects in the lower-level components.
C. It provides a more gradual and controlled approach to integration.
D. It facilitates the identification of interface defects between components.
Answer: A
Explanation: The key advantage of the top-down integration strategy is that it
allows for early validation of the overall system architecture. By starting with
the high-level components and gradually integrating the lower-level
components, the top-down approach can help identify architectural issues and
ensure the system's overall structure is sound.
Question: 1237
During the component testing phase for a new banking application, you identify
a defect where the account balance displayed for a customer does not match the
actual balance stored in the database.
Which of the following testing techniques would be the MOST appropriate to
use to investigate and resolve this defect?
A. Equivalence partitioning
B. Decision table testing
C. Boundary value analysis
D. Exploratory testing
Answer: C
Explanation: Boundary value analysis is the most appropriate testing technique
to investigate and resolve the defect in the account management module of the
banking application.
The issue where the displayed account balance does not match the actual
balance stored in the database suggests that the problem may be at the
boundaries or limits of the input or output values. Boundary value analysis
focuses on testing the behavior of the system at the edges of the input and
output domains, which is crucial for ensuring the accuracy and reliability of
financial transactions.
In the context of a banking application, the account balance is a critical piece of
information that must be accurately displayed to the customer. By using
boundary value analysis, you can thoroughly test the application's handling of
account balances at the minimum, maximum, and other boundary values to
identify any issues that may be causing the discrepancy between the displayed
and stored balances.
Question: 1238
You are testing a web application that allows users to create and manage their
account profiles. During your testing, you discover that the application does not
properly handle the case where a user tries to update their email address to an
invalid format. Which testing technique would be the most appropriate to
identify and document this defect?
A. Boundary value analysis
B. Decision table testing
C. State transition testing
D. Use case testing
Answer: A
Explanation: Boundary value analysis is the most appropriate technique for this
scenario, as it focuses on testing the boundaries of input values. In this case, the
boundary values would be the valid and invalid email address formats, and the
test cases would verify the application's behavior at these boundaries.
Question: 1239
A development team is integrating several components into a system. Which of
the following testing activities should be prioritized during this stage?
A. Unit testing
B. Acceptance testing
C. Component integration testing
D. System testing
Answer: C
Explanation: Component integration testing is the most critical testing activity
during the component integration stage, as it focuses on evaluating how the
individual components work together and interact when integrated into the
larger system. This helps identify any issues with the interfaces and interactions
between the components.
Question: 1240
What is the primary purpose of conducting a walkthrough during a review
meeting?
A. To train the participants on the reviewed work product
B. To validate the work product against the specified requirements
C. To provide feedback and suggestions for improving the work product
D. To assign tasks and responsibilities for the next stage of the project
Answer: C
Explanation: The primary purpose of conducting a walkthrough during a review
meeting is to provide feedback and suggestions for improving the work
product. The walkthrough allows the participants to review the work product,
ask questions, and offer their insights and recommendations for enhancing the
quality and effectiveness of the work product.

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